Any `Any` contains an arbitrary serialized protocol buffer message along with a URL that describes the type of the serialized message. Protobuf library provides support to pack/unpack Any values in the form of utility functions or additional generated methods of the Any type. Example 1: Pack and unpack a message in C++. Foo foo = ...; Any any; any.PackFrom(foo); ... if (any.UnpackTo(&foo)) { ... } Example 2: Pack and unpack a message in Java. Foo foo = ...; Any any = Any.pack(foo); ... if (any.is(Foo.class)) { foo = any.unpack(Foo.class); } // or ... if (any.isSameTypeAs(Foo.getDefaultInstance())) { foo = any.unpack(Foo.getDefaultInstance()); } Example 3: Pack and unpack a message in Python. foo = Foo(...) any = Any() any.Pack(foo) ... if any.Is(Foo.DESCRIPTOR): any.Unpack(foo) ... Example 4: Pack and unpack a message in Go foo := &pb.Foo{...} any, err := anypb.New(foo) if err != nil { ... } ... foo := &pb.Foo{} if err := any.UnmarshalTo(foo); err != nil { ... } The pack methods provided by protobuf library will by default use 'type.googleapis.com/full.type.name' as the type URL and the unpack methods only use the fully qualified type name after the last '/' in the type URL, for example "foo.bar.com/x/y.z" will yield type name "y.z". JSON ==== The JSON representation of an `Any` value uses the regular representation of the deserialized, embedded message, with an additional field `@type` which contains the type URL. Example: package google.profile; message Person { string first_name = 1; string last_name = 2; } { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.profile.Person", "firstName": <string>, "lastName": <string> } If the embedded message type is well-known and has a custom JSON representation, that representation will be embedded adding a field `value` which holds the custom JSON in addition to the `@type` field. Example (for message [google.protobuf.Duration][]): { "@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.protobuf.Duration", "value": "1.212s" }

 Api Api is a light-weight descriptor for an API Interface. Interfaces are also described as "protocol buffer services" in some contexts, such as by the "service" keyword in a .proto file, but they are different from API Services, which represent a concrete implementation of an interface as opposed to simply a description of methods and bindings. They are also sometimes simply referred to as "APIs" in other contexts, such as the name of this message itself. See https://cloud.google.com/apis/design/glossary for detailed terminology. New usages of this message as an alternative to ServiceDescriptorProto are strongly discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all information necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead make use of FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.

 BoolValue Wrapper message for `bool`. The JSON representation for `BoolValue` is JSON `true` and `false`. Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and has no plan to be removed.

 BytesValue Wrapper message for `bytes`. The JSON representation for `BytesValue` is JSON string. Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and has no plan to be removed.

 DoubleValue Wrapper message for `double`. The JSON representation for `DoubleValue` is JSON number. Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and has no plan to be removed.

 Duration A Duration represents a signed, fixed-length span of time represented as a count of seconds and fractions of seconds at nanosecond resolution. It is independent of any calendar and concepts like "day" or "month". It is related to Timestamp in that the difference between two Timestamp values is a Duration and it can be added or subtracted from a Timestamp. Range is approximately +-10,000 years. # Examples Example 1: Compute Duration from two Timestamps in pseudo code. Timestamp start = ...; Timestamp end = ...; Duration duration = ...; duration.seconds = end.seconds - start.seconds; duration.nanos = end.nanos - start.nanos; if (duration.seconds < 0 && duration.nanos > 0) { duration.seconds += 1; duration.nanos -= 1000000000; } else if (duration.seconds > 0 && duration.nanos < 0) { duration.seconds -= 1; duration.nanos += 1000000000; } Example 2: Compute Timestamp from Timestamp + Duration in pseudo code. Timestamp start = ...; Duration duration = ...; Timestamp end = ...; end.seconds = start.seconds + duration.seconds; end.nanos = start.nanos + duration.nanos; if (end.nanos < 0) { end.seconds -= 1; end.nanos += 1000000000; } else if (end.nanos >= 1000000000) { end.seconds += 1; end.nanos -= 1000000000; } Example 3: Compute Duration from datetime.timedelta in Python. td = datetime.timedelta(days=3, minutes=10) duration = Duration() duration.FromTimedelta(td) # JSON Mapping In JSON format, the Duration type is encoded as a string rather than an object, where the string ends in the suffix "s" (indicating seconds) and is preceded by the number of seconds, with nanoseconds expressed as fractional seconds. For example, 3 seconds with 0 nanoseconds should be encoded in JSON format as "3s", while 3 seconds and 1 nanosecond should be expressed in JSON format as "3.000000001s", and 3 seconds and 1 microsecond should be expressed in JSON format as "3.000001s".

 Empty A generic empty message that you can re-use to avoid defining duplicated empty messages in your APIs. A typical example is to use it as the request or the response type of an API method. For instance: service Foo { rpc Bar(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (google.protobuf.Empty); }

 Enum Enum type definition. New usages of this message as an alternative to EnumDescriptorProto are strongly discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all information necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead make use of FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.

 EnumValue Enum value definition. New usages of this message as an alternative to EnumValueDescriptorProto are strongly discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all information necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead make use of FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.

 Field A single field of a message type. New usages of this message as an alternative to FieldDescriptorProto are strongly discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all information necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead make use of FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.

 FieldMask `FieldMask` represents a set of symbolic field paths, for example: paths: "f.a" paths: "f.b.d" Here `f` represents a field in some root message, `a` and `b` fields in the message found in `f`, and `d` a field found in the message in `f.b`. Field masks are used to specify a subset of fields that should be returned by a get operation or modified by an update operation. Field masks also have a custom JSON encoding (see below). # Field Masks in Projections When used in the context of a projection, a response message or sub-message is filtered by the API to only contain those fields as specified in the mask. For example, if the mask in the previous example is applied to a response message as follows: f { a : 22 b { d : 1 x : 2 } y : 13 } z: 8 The result will not contain specific values for fields x,y and z (their value will be set to the default, and omitted in proto text output): f { a : 22 b { d : 1 } } A repeated field is not allowed except at the last position of a paths string. If a FieldMask object is not present in a get operation, the operation applies to all fields (as if a FieldMask of all fields had been specified). Note that a field mask does not necessarily apply to the top-level response message. In case of a REST get operation, the field mask applies directly to the response, but in case of a REST list operation, the mask instead applies to each individual message in the returned resource list. In case of a REST custom method, other definitions may be used. Where the mask applies will be clearly documented together with its declaration in the API. In any case, the effect on the returned resource/resources is required behavior for APIs. # Field Masks in Update Operations A field mask in update operations specifies which fields of the targeted resource are going to be updated. The API is required to only change the values of the fields as specified in the mask and leave the others untouched. If a resource is passed in to describe the updated values, the API ignores the values of all fields not covered by the mask. If a repeated field is specified for an update operation, new values will be appended to the existing repeated field in the target resource. Note that a repeated field is only allowed in the last position of a `paths` string. If a sub-message is specified in the last position of the field mask for an update operation, then new value will be merged into the existing sub-message in the target resource. For example, given the target message: f { b { d: 1 x: 2 } c: [1] } And an update message: f { b { d: 10 } c: [2] } then if the field mask is: paths: ["f.b", "f.c"] then the result will be: f { b { d: 10 x: 2 } c: [1, 2] } An implementation may provide options to override this default behavior for repeated and message fields. Note that libraries which implement FieldMask resolution have various different behaviors in the face of empty masks or the special "*" mask. When implementing a service you should confirm these cases have the appropriate behavior in the underlying FieldMask library that you desire, and you may need to special case those cases in your application code if the underlying field mask library behavior differs from your intended service semantics. Update methods implementing https://google.aip.dev/134 - MUST support the special value * meaning "full replace" - MUST treat an omitted field mask as "replace fields which are present". Other methods implementing https://google.aip.dev/157 - SHOULD support the special value "*" to mean "get all". - MUST treat an omitted field mask to mean "get all", unless otherwise documented. ## Considerations for HTTP REST The HTTP kind of an update operation which uses a field mask must be set to PATCH instead of PUT in order to satisfy HTTP semantics (PUT must only be used for full updates). # JSON Encoding of Field Masks In JSON, a field mask is encoded as a single string where paths are separated by a comma. Fields name in each path are converted to/from lower-camel naming conventions. As an example, consider the following message declarations: message Profile { User user = 1; Photo photo = 2; } message User { string display_name = 1; string address = 2; } In proto a field mask for `Profile` may look as such: mask { paths: "user.display_name" paths: "photo" } In JSON, the same mask is represented as below: { mask: "user.displayName,photo" } # Field Masks and Oneof Fields Field masks treat fields in oneofs just as regular fields. Consider the following message: message SampleMessage { oneof test_oneof { string name = 4; SubMessage sub_message = 9; } } The field mask can be: mask { paths: "name" } Or: mask { paths: "sub_message" } Note that oneof type names ("test_oneof" in this case) cannot be used in paths. ## Field Mask Verification The implementation of any API method which has a FieldMask type field in the request should verify the included field paths, and return an `INVALID_ARGUMENT` error if any path is unmappable.

 FloatValue Wrapper message for `float`. The JSON representation for `FloatValue` is JSON number. Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and has no plan to be removed.

 Int32Value Wrapper message for `int32`. The JSON representation for `Int32Value` is JSON number. Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and has no plan to be removed.

 Int64Value Wrapper message for `int64`. The JSON representation for `Int64Value` is JSON string. Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and has no plan to be removed.

 ListValue `ListValue` is a wrapper around a repeated field of values. The JSON representation for `ListValue` is JSON array.

 Method Method represents a method of an API interface. New usages of this message as an alternative to MethodDescriptorProto are strongly discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all information necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead make use of FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.

 Mixin Declares an API Interface to be included in this interface. The including interface must redeclare all the methods from the included interface, but documentation and options are inherited as follows: - If after comment and whitespace stripping, the documentation string of the redeclared method is empty, it will be inherited from the original method. - Each annotation belonging to the service config (http, visibility) which is not set in the redeclared method will be inherited. - If an http annotation is inherited, the path pattern will be modified as follows. Any version prefix will be replaced by the version of the including interface plus the [root][] path if specified. Example of a simple mixin: package google.acl.v1; service AccessControl { // Get the underlying ACL object. rpc GetAcl(GetAclRequest) returns (Acl) { option (google.api.http).get = "/v1/{resource=**}:getAcl"; } } package google.storage.v2; service Storage { rpc GetAcl(GetAclRequest) returns (Acl); // Get a data record. rpc GetData(GetDataRequest) returns (Data) { option (google.api.http).get = "/v2/{resource=**}"; } } Example of a mixin configuration: apis: - name: google.storage.v2.Storage mixins: - name: google.acl.v1.AccessControl The mixin construct implies that all methods in `AccessControl` are also declared with same name and request/response types in `Storage`. A documentation generator or annotation processor will see the effective `Storage.GetAcl` method after inheriting documentation and annotations as follows: service Storage { // Get the underlying ACL object. rpc GetAcl(GetAclRequest) returns (Acl) { option (google.api.http).get = "/v2/{resource=**}:getAcl"; } ... } Note how the version in the path pattern changed from `v1` to `v2`. If the `root` field in the mixin is specified, it should be a relative path under which inherited HTTP paths are placed. Example: apis: - name: google.storage.v2.Storage mixins: - name: google.acl.v1.AccessControl root: acls This implies the following inherited HTTP annotation: service Storage { // Get the underlying ACL object. rpc GetAcl(GetAclRequest) returns (Acl) { option (google.api.http).get = "/v2/acls/{resource=**}:getAcl"; } ... }

 Option A protocol buffer option, which can be attached to a message, field, enumeration, etc. New usages of this message as an alternative to FileOptions, MessageOptions, FieldOptions, EnumOptions, EnumValueOptions, ServiceOptions, or MethodOptions are strongly discouraged.

 SourceContext `SourceContext` represents information about the source of a protobuf element, like the file in which it is defined.

 StringValue Wrapper message for `string`. The JSON representation for `StringValue` is JSON string. Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and has no plan to be removed.

 Struct `Struct` represents a structured data value, consisting of fields which map to dynamically typed values. In some languages, `Struct` might be supported by a native representation. For example, in scripting languages like JS a struct is represented as an object. The details of that representation are described together with the proto support for the language. The JSON representation for `Struct` is JSON object.

 Timestamp A Timestamp represents a point in time independent of any time zone or local calendar, encoded as a count of seconds and fractions of seconds at nanosecond resolution. The count is relative to an epoch at UTC midnight on January 1, 1970, in the proleptic Gregorian calendar which extends the Gregorian calendar backwards to year one. All minutes are 60 seconds long. Leap seconds are "smeared" so that no leap second table is needed for interpretation, using a [24-hour linear smear](https://developers.google.com/time/smear). The range is from 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z to 9999-12-31T23:59:59.999999999Z. By restricting to that range, we ensure that we can convert to and from [RFC 3339](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt) date strings. # Examples Example 1: Compute Timestamp from POSIX `time()`. Timestamp timestamp; timestamp.set_seconds(time(NULL)); timestamp.set_nanos(0); Example 2: Compute Timestamp from POSIX `gettimeofday()`. struct timeval tv; gettimeofday(&tv, NULL); Timestamp timestamp; timestamp.set_seconds(tv.tv_sec); timestamp.set_nanos(tv.tv_usec * 1000); Example 3: Compute Timestamp from Win32 `GetSystemTimeAsFileTime()`. FILETIME ft; GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&ft); UINT64 ticks = (((UINT64)ft.dwHighDateTime) << 32) | ft.dwLowDateTime; // A Windows tick is 100 nanoseconds. Windows epoch 1601-01-01T00:00:00Z // is 11644473600 seconds before Unix epoch 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z. Timestamp timestamp; timestamp.set_seconds((INT64) ((ticks / 10000000) - 11644473600LL)); timestamp.set_nanos((INT32) ((ticks % 10000000) * 100)); Example 4: Compute Timestamp from Java `System.currentTimeMillis()`. long millis = System.currentTimeMillis(); Timestamp timestamp = Timestamp.newBuilder().setSeconds(millis / 1000) .setNanos((int) ((millis % 1000) * 1000000)).build(); Example 5: Compute Timestamp from Java `Instant.now()`. Instant now = Instant.now(); Timestamp timestamp = Timestamp.newBuilder().setSeconds(now.getEpochSecond()) .setNanos(now.getNano()).build(); Example 6: Compute Timestamp from current time in Python. timestamp = Timestamp() timestamp.GetCurrentTime() # JSON Mapping In JSON format, the Timestamp type is encoded as a string in the [RFC 3339](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3339.txt) format. That is, the format is "{year}-{month}-{day}T{hour}:{min}:{sec}[.{frac_sec}]Z" where {year} is always expressed using four digits while {month}, {day}, {hour}, {min}, and {sec} are zero-padded to two digits each. The fractional seconds, which can go up to 9 digits (i.e. up to 1 nanosecond resolution), are optional. The "Z" suffix indicates the timezone ("UTC"); the timezone is required. A ProtoJSON serializer should always use UTC (as indicated by "Z") when printing the Timestamp type and a ProtoJSON parser should be able to accept both UTC and other timezones (as indicated by an offset). For example, "2017-01-15T01:30:15.01Z" encodes 15.01 seconds past 01:30 UTC on January 15, 2017. In JavaScript, one can convert a Date object to this format using the standard [toISOString()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date/toISOString) method. In Python, a standard `datetime.datetime` object can be converted to this format using [`strftime`](https://docs.python.org/2/library/time.html#time.strftime) with the time format spec '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'. Likewise, in Java, one can use the Joda Time's [`ISODateTimeFormat.dateTime()`]( http://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/ISODateTimeFormat.html#dateTime() ) to obtain a formatter capable of generating timestamps in this format.

 Type A protocol buffer message type. New usages of this message as an alternative to DescriptorProto are strongly discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all information necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead make use of FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.

 UInt32Value Wrapper message for `uint32`. The JSON representation for `UInt32Value` is JSON number. Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and has no plan to be removed.

 UInt64Value Wrapper message for `uint64`. The JSON representation for `UInt64Value` is JSON string. Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and has no plan to be removed.

 Value `Value` represents a dynamically typed value which can be either null, a number, a string, a boolean, a recursive struct value, or a list of values. A producer of value is expected to set one of these variants. Absence of any variant indicates an error. The JSON representation for `Value` is JSON value.

 NullValue `NullValue` is a singleton enumeration to represent the null value for the `Value` type union. The JSON representation for `NullValue` is JSON `null`.

 Syntax The syntax in which a protocol buffer element is defined.

 AnyReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/any.proto

 ApiReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/api.proto

 DurationReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/duration.proto

 EmptyReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/empty.proto

 FieldMaskReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/field_mask.proto

 SourceContextReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/source_context.proto

 StructReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/struct.proto

 TimeExtensions Extension methods on BCL time-related types, converting to protobuf types.

 TimestampReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/timestamp.proto

 TypeReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/type.proto

 WrappersReflection Holder for reflection information generated from google/protobuf/wrappers.proto